RESOLUTION OF THE VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE

of March 5, 1998 No. 188/98-BP

About the Main directions of state policy of Ukraine in the field of environmental protection, use of natural resources and providing ecological safety

The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine decides:

1. Approve the Main directions of state policy of Ukraine in the field of environmental protection, use of natural resources and providing ecological safety.

2. To provide to the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine realization of the Main directions of state policy of Ukraine in the field of environmental protection, uses of natural resources and providing ecological safety.

Approved by the Resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of March 5, 1998 No. 188/98-BP

The main directions of state policy of Ukraine in the field of environmental protection, use of natural resources and providing ecological safety

The main directions of state policy of Ukraine in the field of environmental protection, use of natural resources and providing ecological safety (further - the Main directions) are developed according to article 16 of the Constitution of Ukraine by which it is determined that providing ecological safety and maintenance of ecological equilibrium in the territory of Ukraine, overcoming effects of the Chernobyl catastrophic crash - catastrophic crashes of planetary scale, preserving gene pool of the Ukrainian N of sort is obligation of the state.

I. STATE OF ENVIRONMENT

The present ecological situation in Ukraine can be characterized as crisis, created during the long period because of neglect by the objective laws of development and reproduction of prirodnoresursny complex of Ukraine. There were structural deformations of the national economy in case of which the benefit was provided to development in Ukraine of syryedobyvayushchy, most ecologically dangerous industries.

The high specific weight of resource-intensive and power-intensive technologies which implementation and building-up was performed by the "cheapest" method - without construction of the corresponding treatment facilities is inherent to economy of Ukraine. It was possible in the absence of effectively operating legal, administrative and economic mechanisms of environmental management and without requirements of environmental protection. These and other factors, in particular low level of ecological consciousness of society, led to considerable degradation of the environment of Ukraine, excessive pollution of surface and underground water, atmospheric air and lands, accumulating in very large numbers harmful, including highly toxic, production wastes. Such processes continued decades and led to sharp deterioration in the state of health of people, reduction of birth rate and increase in death rate, and it threatens with extinction and biological and genetic degradation of the people of Ukraine.

Exclusive feature of ecological condition of Ukraine is that ecologically critical local situations are complicated by big regional crises. The Chernobyl catastrophic crash with its long-term medicobiological, economic and social effects served as origin in Ukraine to the situation coming to the level of global environmental disaster.

1. INDUSTRY

The main reasons which resulted in the menacing state of environment are:

the obsolete production technology and the equipment, the high power consumption and materials consumption exceeding the corresponding indicators of developed countries by two-three times;

high level of concentration of industrial facilities;

adverse structure of industrial production with high concentration of ecologically dangerous productions;

lack of proper nature protection systems (treatment facilities, turnover systems of water supply, etc.), low level of operation of the existing nature protection objects;

lack of proper legal and economic mechanisms which would stimulate development of ecologically safe technologies and nature protection systems;

lack of proper control of environmental protection.

The metallurgical industry including ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, coke and rolling production, and also adjacent auxiliary objects and processes is one of the most contaminating industries which emissions from stationary sources of pollution reach 38 percent of total quantity of pollutants.

Impact of the companies of petrochemical complex on condition of the surrounding environment is characterized by emissions in the atmosphere of hydrocarbons, sulphuric acid, hydrogen sulfide, mercury, fluoric and other harmful connections. In a number of regions of Ukraine high concentration of chemical and petrochemical productions led to excessively high level of pollution of sources of water supply. In open reservoirs the chemical companies dump annually 70 million cubic meters crude or not enough cleared drains.

The chemical industry - one of primary branches where waste, significant amount kotorykhtoksichny are formed in large volumes. The companies of oil and gas complex for the level of harmful effects on the environment are considered as objects of the increased environmental risk. They are potential sources of environmental pollution which can happen in case of violation of technological operating modes of the equipment or emergency.

Some objects pollute the environment and under normal conditions works that is caused by the existing engineering procedures.

2. POWER AND COMPANIES OF THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY

Among industrial facilities one of the main pollutants of atmospheric air are the companies of heat-and-power engineeering (about 30 percent of all harmful emissions in the atmosphere from stationary sources). In the field of ecology in thermal power two major problems dominate:

pollution of atmospheric air and pollution of lands because of accumulating of significant amount of waste (ashes, slags, dust). Nuclear energy in Ukraine is used in all industries of the national economy - the industry, medicine, agricultural industry, scientific research, and also in life.

In 1996 43,9 of percent of all electric power was made on nuclear power plants. 15 atomic blocks as general capacity of 13,618 of thousand MW on which 79,6 of one billion kWh of the electric power was made worked for five NPPs. By the number of reactors and their capacity Ukraine takes the eighth place in the world and the fifth - in Europe. Four power units with VVER-1000 reactors are in construction condition on platforms of the Rivnensky and Khmelnytskyi NPP with different degrees of construction readiness. The second block of the Chernobyl NPP is preserved, the first block of this station is final становлен in November, 1996.

In Kiev and Sevastopol research reactors which in 1996 did not work are placed, but continuation of their operation is planned in the years ahead. The main places of accumulating of radioactive waste are nuclear power plants on which their primary conversion and temporary storage is performed. On the NPP there is no complete cycle of primary conversion of waste according to requirements of regulations, rules and standards for nuclear and radiation safety that leads to irrational use of storages and increases risk of radiation accidents.

In 30-kilometer zone of the Chernobyl NPP large amount of radioactive waste among which there is waste of nuclear power engineering is stored in the temporary, not adapted for storage storages. Object "Shelter" in which dangerous radioactive materials nuclear materials, which radioactivity about 20 million curies are concentrated remains the main source of danger in 30-kilometer zone of the Chernobyl NPP.

In six areas of Ukraine the regional companies of UKRGO "Radon" for conversion and storage of radioactive waste which accept on storage radioactive waste from all industries of the national economy are located. These companies have also no installations for primary conversion of waste.

The companies for production and conversion of uranium ores are in the Dnipropetrovsk, Nikolaev and Kirovohrad regions. The fact that honor all its waste - dumps of mine breeds is characteristic of uranopererabotka, dumpings and emissions (rare, gazoobrazna) are sources of radiation pollution of the surrounding environment. They contain natural uranium, thorium-232, products of disintegration of uranium and thorium ranks including radioactive gas radon. For the environment and people the main danger is constituted by tailings dams, big on the amounts, and the radioactive materials concentrated in them. Ukraine treats the countries with very developed use of sources of ionizing radiation (further - III) in many spheres of economy and scientific activities. Now there are about 8 thousand companies and the organizations (only on their city of Kiev near 400) which use more than 100 thousand III.

Because of existence of large number of artificial and natural sources of ionizing radiation and as a result of the Chernobyl catastrophic crash in Ukraine there was very difficult radio ecological situation which causes the necessity of creation of systems of measures of radiation protection of the population and the surrounding environment. Such measures shall be a part of the system bases of the nuclear legislation, state regulation of nuclear and radiation safety, state programs of minimization of effects of the Chernobyl catastrophic crash, address regulation with radioactive withdrawal ми and increase in safety of nuclear power plants, system of social protection of the population.

3. AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY

Agricultural industry of Ukraine - the most nature capacious industry having the powerful natural and resource potential including 41,84 of one million hectares of agricultural holdings (69,3 of percent of the territory of Ukraine), including 33,19 of one million hectares of ploughland (55 percent), 7,63 of one million hectares of natural fodder grounds - senozhaty and pastures (percent 12,6). In agricultural production more 10,9 of one billion cubic meters of water, or 36,4 of percent of its general consumption is annually used. Counting on one inhabitant 0,82 of hectare of agricultural holdings, including ploughland hectare 0,65 whereas across Europe these indicators average according to hectare 0,44 and 0,25 is necessary.

The Raspakhannost of agricultural holdings reached 72 percent, and in row ре ions exceeds 88 percent. Unproductive grounds, including priruslovy meadows and pastures and slope lands are involved in processing.

If Ukraine in Europe occupies territory percent 5,7, then its agricultural holdings - 18, percent, and ploughland - percent 2,9. Efficiency of use of lands in Ukraine is much lower, than on average across Europe.

The ownerless relation to the earth, long absence of the real owner, the wrong strategy of the maximum involvement of lands in processing, imperfect equipment and technology of processing of the earth and production of agricultural products, unweighted price policy, non-compliance with evidence-based systems of conducting agriculture and, in particular, universal non-compliance with crop rotation, introduction of insufficient amount of organic fertilizers, low scientific and technical level of designing, construction and operation of meliorative systems, imperfect system of use and introduction of mineral fertilizers and failure to carry out of nature protection, complex and meliorative, antierosion and other actions are basic reasons of low return of land potential in Ukraine.

The high-quality condition of land fund constantly worsens. In certain areas where drainage of lands is carried out, there is not controlled decrease in level of ground waters, reduction of capacity of organic weight, and in areas of irrigation - flooding salinization of soils, degradation of chernozems that led to negative ecological effects in the Areas of Polesia and in the south of Ukraine. Nowadays 14,8 of percent of total area of irrigation lands are exposed to erozirovaniye, percent 1,5 - remoistening, more than 4 percent are solonetzic and salted. Increase in mineralization of ground waters threatens with secondary salinization of lands. Almost on all lands steady decrease in content of humus in soils is observed. Only in 20 years (from 1961 to 1981) so-so content of humus in soils of Ukraine decreased with 3,5 to percent 3,2.

Development of different patterns of ownership and managing on the earth without strict and reliable state environmental and customs control over import of dangerous wastes, lead lack of the corresponding legislation to the consumer relation to the earth. Use in large amount of mineral fertilizers, pesticides and other chemical medicines together with industrial and radiation pollution can complicate even more ecological situation in Ukraine, lower recovery capability of the biosphere and ecological firmness of agrolandscapes.

4. TRANSPORT

Considerable pollutant of the environment is the transport industry, in particular its mobile means (cars, diesel locomotives, ocean and river crafts) using as fuel different types of oil products, and also stationary objects of material logistics (warehouses of fuels and lubricants, fuel stations, service stations, workshops, etc.). Considerable harm to the environment is done by exhaust gases of cars, fuels and lubricants, drain waters after washing of cars and their aggregates, vapors of different hazardous substances, acids, the materials used in engineering procedures of car repairs.

Because of large volumes of use of fuel motor transport pollutes the surrounding environment toxic components:

at the level of 25 percent - lead salts, at the level of 50 protsentovoksidy carbon.

In 24 big cities of Ukraine, in particular in Kiev, Kharkiv, Sevastopol, Odessa, harmful emissions in atmospheric air as a result of work of motor transport exceed 50 percent of their total quantity.

Railway transport of Ukraine uses about 170 million cubic meters of water a year. About 50 percent of water are used for economic and drinking needs, irretrievable losses of water constitute more than 40 percent. Annually in sewer networks natural reservoirs the railroad dumps more than 20 thousand tons of pollutants from which nearly 50 percent - without cleaning. The main pollutants are exhaust gases of diesel locomotives, oil products, phenol, aerosols, garbage. More than a half of all amount of emissions of pollutants in atmospheric air river transport is the share of the fulfilled exhaust gases of engines of navigable means and motor transport - about 500 tons per year on each big river port or the transport hub.

The sea transport contaminates the sea waste of food, garbage, oil and oil products that considerably worsens ecological condition of the sea, especially in port zones.

5. HOUSING AND COMMUNAL SERVICES

In Ukraine intensively there are processes of urbanization. Their negative effects are:

1) concentration and loadings of industrial facilities in the limited territory that leads to the high level of environmental pollution;

2) the adverse territorial and planning structure of the cities caused by subordination to interests of building-up of industrial potential therefore industrial enterprises are often surrounded with residential arrays, and all transit transport passes through the cities that considerably increases their gas contamination;

3) minority of problems of town planning in comparison with priorities of industrial development that resulted in neglect of such important spheres of life activity of the cities as water supply system and sewer network which technical condition directly influences ecological condition of the cities and quality of drinking water;

4) destruction of the environment of big cities. High impurity of the environment industrial emissions and waste including household, the unsatisfactory condition of life-supporting systems, rapid growth of the population of the cities on the basis of extensive industrial development and requirement of expansion of their territories led to reducing green zones, pollution and unfitness of reservoirs, etc. Today all cities, 821 settlements, and also 5760 rural settlements (in total more than 70 percent of the population of Ukraine) are provided with centralized water supply.

Production facility of all centralized water supply systems makes 29,5 of one million cubic meters of water a day, including the companies of utility property - 17,2 of one million cubic meters a day, from them in city settlements - 17,1, in rural - 0,1 of one million cubic meters of water a day. For water supply of the population from the total amount of necessary amount of water about 40 percent of underground waters are used.

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